Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

Protein kinases play a predominant regulatory role in nearly every aspect of cell biology and
they can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

The identification of driver oncogenes has provided important targets for drugs that can
change the landscape of cancer therapies. One such example is the BRAF oncogene, which …

Abstract The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade is arguably the most important
oncogenic pathway in human cancers. Ras-GTP promotes the formation of active …

The spatial and temporal organization of molecules within a cell is critical for coordinating
the many distinct activities carried out by the cell. In an increasing number of biological …

Eukaryotic protein kinases are key regulators of cell processes. Comparison of the structures
of protein kinase domains, both alone and in complexes, allows generalizations to be made …

Cellular responses to environmental cues involve the mobilization of GTPases, protein
kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. The spatial organization of these signalling …