for a rectangular cantilever requires measurement of the resonant frequency and quality
factor in fluid (typically air), and knowledge of its plan view dimensions. This intrinsically …

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is part of a range of emerging microscopic methods for
biologists which offer the magnification range of both the light and electron microscope, but …

This review article summarizes new scientific trends in research for metrology of small mass
(1 mg and lower) and small force (10 micronewtons and lower). After a brief introduction to …

Measurements related to nano-and micro-scale science, technology, and manufacturing are
pushing the limits of detectable mechanical, electrical, and chemical quantities to ever …

Single-molecule force spectroscopy studies performed by Atomic Force Microscopes (AFMs)
strongly rely on accurately determined cantilever spring constants. Hence, to calibrate …

Measurements of forces less than a micronewton are critical when examining the
mechanical behaviour of materials and devices at characteristic length scales below a …

The absolute force sensitivities of colloidal probes comprised of atomic force microscope, or
AFM, cantilevers with microspheres attached to their distal ends are measured. The force …

Nanoindentation technique at low temperatures have developed from initial micro-hardness
driving method at a single temperature to modern depth-sensing indentation (DSI) method …

A micro/nano force can be traced to the International System of Units by means of an
electrostatic force balance weight system. However, the micro/nano force measurement …

Force in the micronewton range may be traced to the International System of Units by an
electrostatic force balance weight system. However, there is a conflict between range and …