Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the
hypothalamus to the solar 24‐hour cycle. Short wavelengths, perceived as blue color, are …

Lighting based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) not only is more energy efficient than
traditional lighting, but also enables improved performance and control. The colour, intensity …

Human circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral responses to light are mediated
primarily by melanopsin-containing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells …

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are
a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Melatonin, the neurohormone of the pineal gland, is also produced by various other tissues
and cells. It acts via G protein-coupled receptors expressed in various areas of the central …

Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we
review the mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light …

For decades, rods and cones were thought to be the only photoreceptors in the mammalian
retina. However, a population of atypical photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) …

Neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function as part of a central timing circuit that
drives daily changes in our behaviour and underlying physiology. A hallmark feature of SCN …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …