Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during
biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process …

Plants require calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulfur in
relatively large amounts (> 0.1% of dry mass) and each of these so-called macronutrients is …

Plants and algae often absorb too much light—more than they can actually use in
photosynthesis. To prevent photo-oxidative damage and to acclimate to changes in their …

Plastid-derived signals are known to coordinate expression of nuclear genes encoding
plastid-localized proteins in a process termed retrograde signaling. To date, the identity of …

Following the acquisition of chloroplasts and mitochondria by eukaryotic cells during
endosymbiotic evolution, most of the genes in these organelles were either lost or …

Tetrapyrroles are macrocyclic molecules with various structural variants and multiple
functions in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Present knowledge about the metabolism of …

Chloroplast signals regulate hundreds of nuclear genes during development and in
response to stress, but little is known of the signals or signal transduction mechanisms of …

Higher plants produce four classes of tetrapyrroles, namely, chlorophyll (Chl), heme,
siroheme, and phytochromobilin. In plants, tetrapyrroles play essential roles in a wide range …

In eukaryotes, DNA is exchanged between endosymbiosis-derived compartments
(mitochondria and chloroplasts) and the nucleus. Organelle-to-nucleus DNA transfer …