Following nature's design principles, biological entities have evolved to be highly efficient
and multifunctional to maximize all the available materials and structures and to survive in …

Mechanical metamaterials are meticulously designed structures with exceptional
mechanical properties determined by their microstructures and constituent materials …

With the advent of femtosecond lasers in the early 1990s, ultrafast laser processing has
proven to be an imperative tool for micro/nano machining. Two-photon lithography (TPL) is …

Since its discovery,, the deep-sea glass sponge Euplectella aspergillum has attracted
interest in its mechanical properties and beauty. Its skeletal system is composed of …

New and innovative lightweight materials are the key demands of the automotive and
aerospace industry. Exceptional energy absorption properties can be obtained from designs …

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst
a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological …

Ceramics have some of the highest strength-and stiffness-to-weight ratios of any material but
are suboptimal for use as structural materials because of their brittleness and sensitivity to …

Throughout billions of years, biological systems have evolved sophisticated, multiscale
hierarchical structures to adapt to changing environments. Biomaterials are synthesized …

Living building materials (LBMs) were engineered that are capable of both biological and
structural functions. LBMs were created by inoculating an inert structural sand-hydrogel …

Historically, the creation of lightweight, yet mechanically robust, materials have been the
most sought‐after engineering pursuit. For that purpose, research efforts are dedicated to …