There is nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic,
parasympathetic, and sensory-motor nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Centers in …

Extracellular nucleotides (eg, ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP) released by inflammatory cells interact
with specific purinergic P2 type receptors to modulate their recruitment and activation. The …

Microglia are brain-resident immune cells with a repertoire of functions in the brain.
However, the extent of their interactions with the vasculature and potential regulation of …

The noncanonical IKK family member TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is activated by pro-
inflammatory cytokines, but its role in controlling metabolism remains unclear. Here, we …

Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane
hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the …

Pannexins are large-pore forming channels responsible for ATP release under a variety of
physiological and pathological conditions. Although predicted to share similar membrane …

Nucleotides play a crucial role in extracellular signaling across species boundaries. All the
three kingdoms of life (Bacteria, Archea and Eukariota) are responsive to extracellular ATP …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been well established as an important extracellular
ligand of autocrine signaling, intercellular communication, and neurotransmission with …

The disassembly of an apoptotic cell into subcellular fragments, termed apoptotic bodies
(ApoBDs), is a hallmark of apoptosis. Although the generation of ApoBDs is generally …

Abstract Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels have been shown to regulate leukocyte trafficking
and tissue inflammation but the mechanism of Panx1 in chronic vascular diseases like …