Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective
adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes …

Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P. falciparum and P. vivax,
is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the …

Contact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) with the immune system requires interactions
between microbial surface molecules and host pattern recognition receptors. Major M. tb …

There is considerable debate as to the nature of the primary parasite-derived moieties that
activate innate pro-inflammatory responses during malaria infection. Microparticles (MPs) …

Certain cytokines, the prototype being the highly pleiotropic TNF, have many homeostatic
physiological roles, are involved in innate immunity, and cause inflammation when in …

Monocytes are innate immune cells essential for host protection against malaria. Upon
activation, monocytes function to help reduce parasite burden through phagocytosis …

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the development of protective immunity to malaria.
However, it remains unclear how malaria parasites trigger immune responses in DCs. In this …

Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are important cytokines playing critical roles in various infections,
autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Studies have also shown that IFN-Is exhibit …

Malaria infection triggers vigorous host immune responses; however, the parasite ligands,
host receptors, and the signaling pathways responsible for these reactions remain unknown …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is responsible for important signalling
pathways which regulate cell activation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses …