Ecosystem services are natural processes that benefit humans. Birds contribute the four
types of services recognized by the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment—provisioning …

The pulp of fleshy fruits, with the soft, edible, nutritive tissues surrounding the seeds, is a
primary food resource for many frugivorous animals, notably mammals and birds, but also …

Food webs in nature have multiple, reticulate connections between a diversity of consumers
and resources. Such complexity affects web dynamics: it first spreads the direct effects of …

Disperser effectiveness is the contribution a disperser makes to the future reproduction of a
plant. Although it is a key notion in studies of seed dispersal by animals, we know little about …

This study quantifies the flow of energy and biomass from a productive marine system to a
relatively unproductive terrestrial system. Biomass from marine food webs (here, the Gulf of …

The capacity of seeds to germinate after ingestion by frugivores is important for the
population dynamics of some plant species and significant for the evolution of plant …

This chapter is divided into two sections, the first dealing with the evolution of dispersal
mechanisms and the second with the consequences of dispersal at population and …

In this paper we analyze the seed dispersal stage of the Prunus mahaleb–frugivorous bird
interaction from fruit removal through seed delivery within the context of disperser …

The recruitment of Phillyrea latifolia L.(Oleaceae), a bird—dispersed tree of Mediterranean
forest, is described. Fruit removal by birds, seed rain, post—dispersal seed predation, seed …

Investigations on vertebrate seed dispersal systems in the Mediterranean show that
extremely efficient plant-disperser mutualisms do not require, and thus are not evidence for …