Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a tumor subpopulation responsible for tumor metastasis
and resistance to chemo-and radiotherapy, ultimately leading to tumor relapse. As a …

Tumor drug resistance emerges from the interaction of two critical factors: tumor cellular
heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Tumor-initiating cells (TIC) are associated with tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and
recurrence. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) is a TIC marker in many cancers …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and
metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby …

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive breast cancer (BC) comprises
around 20–30% of all BC subtypes and is correlated with poor prognosis. For many years …

A small proportion of cancer cells that have stem cell-like properties are known as cancer
stem cells (CSCs). They can be used to identify malignant tumor phenotypes and patients …

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, disrupted regulatory pathways, and the
accumulation of genetic mutations. These mutations across different types of cancer lead to …

The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis, a process that requires
evasion of the host immune system. In addition, a significant percentage of cancer patients …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatment is promising for the clinical therapy of
numerous malignancies. However, most cancer patients rarely benefit from such single …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) includes a wide range of cell types including cancer cells,
cells which are involved in stromal structure and immune cells (tumor suppressor and tumor …