5-HT receptors expressed throughout the human body are targets for established
therapeutics and various drugs in development. Their diversity of structure and function …

Excitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the
central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling …

Dysregulated prefrontal control over amygdala is engaged in the pathogenesis of psychiatric
diseases including depression and anxiety disorders. Here we show that, in a rodent anxiety …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates
information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic …

The prefrontal cortex is a critical neuroanatomical hub for controlling motivated behaviours
across mammalian species,,. In addition to intra-cortical connectivity, prefrontal projection …

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control over drug
intake, high motivation to obtain the drug, and a persistent craving for the drug …

In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …