Herein, we review mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF), with specific focus on
humans. We revisit important concepts from the older literature and describe the interaction …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a unique view of the working
human mind. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, detected in fMRI, reflects …

Although modern techniques such as two-photon microscopy can now provide cellular-level
three-dimensional imaging of the intact living brain, the speed and fields of view of these …

Metabolically, the brain is a highly active organ that relies almost exclusively on glucose as
its energy source. According to the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis, glucose is …

Brain lactate concentration is higher during wakefulness than in sleep. However, it is
unknown why arousal is linked to an increase in brain lactate and why lactate declines …

The structural and functional integrity of the brain depends on the delicate balance between
substrate delivery through blood flow and energy demands imposed by neural activity …

Although optical absorption is strongly associated with the physiological status of biological
tissue, existing high-resolution optical imaging modalities, including confocal microscopy …

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to noninvasively monitor adult human
brain function in a wide variety of tasks. While rough spatial correspondences with maps …

Optical sensing of specific molecular targets and pathways deep inside living mice has
become possible as a result of a number of advances. These include design of …

Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance
imaging has been used extensively to map regional changes in brain activity. The signal …