Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has
focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage …

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a well-known consequence of spaceflight. Because of the
potential significant impact of muscle atrophy and muscle dysfunction on astronauts and …

There is widespread anecdotal evidence that growth hormone (GH) is used by athletes for
its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Although there is little evidence that GH improves …

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for
Growth Hormone Use in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults and Transition Patients – 2009 …

Background: Human growth hormone is reportedly used to enhance athletic performance,
although its safety and efficacy for this purpose are poorly understood. Purpose: To evaluate …

The syndrome of adult GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy provide a
useful model with which to study the effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on exercise physiology …

Schoenfeld, BJ. Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: A reexamination of the hormone
hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design. J Strength Cond Res …

Human growth hormone (GH) is a heterogeneous protein hormone consisting of several
isoforms. The sources of this heterogeneity reside at the level of the genome, mRNA …

Hormones with anabolic properties such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-
1 (IGF-I), and insulin are commonly abused among professional and recreational athletes to …

The earliest records of doping in sport come from the Ancient Olympics games when
athletes are reported to have taken figs to improve their performance. With the advent of …