The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis) is required for stress adaptation.
Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ …

Regulation of stress reactivity is a fundamental priority of all organisms. Stress responses
are critical for survival, yet can also cause physical and psychological damage. This review …

The survival and well-being of all species requires appropriate physiological responses to
environmental and homeostatic challenges. The re-establishment and maintenance of …

Although mood disorders constitute leading causes of disability, until recently little was
known about their pathogenesis. The delineation of anatomical networks that support …

This article reviews the anatomical connections of the paraventricular nucleus of the
thalamus (PVT) and discusses some of the connections by which the PVT could influence …

This review begins with a brief historical overview of attempts in the first half of the 20th
century to discern brain systems that underlie emotion and emotional behavior. These early …

The most commonly cited descriptions of the behavioral characteristics of habituation come
from two papers published almost 40 years ago [Groves, PM, & Thompson, RF (1970) …

The thalamus was subdivided into three major groups: sensorimotor nuclei (or
principal/relay nuclei), limbic nuclei and nuclei bridging these two domains. Limbic nuclei of …

The brain anxiety network is composed of a number of interconnected cortical regions that
detect threats and execute appropriate defensive responses via projections to the shell of …

Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis is
essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and …