In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

The problem of resistance to therapy in cancer is multifaceted. Here we take a reductionist
approach to define and separate the key determinants of drug resistance, which include …

An estimated 20% of all patients with cancer will develop brain metastases, with the majority
of brain metastases occurring in those with lung, breast and colorectal cancers, melanoma …

Significant technological advances in radiotherapy have been made in the past few
decades. High-precision radiotherapy has recently become popular and is contributing to …

Background and purpose While the combination of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and
immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is becoming more widely used in the treatment of brain …

Objectives: Common origins for brain metastases (BMs) are melanoma, lung, breast, and
renal cell cancers. BMs account for a large share of morbidity and mortality caused by these …

Background and purpose Immune checkpoint inhibitor with radiation therapy (ICI+ RT) is
under investigation for improved patient outcome, so we performed a systematic …

Background The response of brain metastases (BM) treated with stereotactic radiosurgery
(SRS) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; programmed cell death 1 and its ligand) is of …

Radiotherapy has been used for the treatment of cancer for over a century. Throughout this
period, the therapeutic benefit of radiotherapy has continuously progressed due to technical …

Purpose To investigate the efficacy and safety of concurrent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
and ipilimumab or nivolumab in patients with untreated melanoma brain metastases …