Clinical studies have demonstrated that a single sub-anesthetic dose of the dissociative
anesthetic ketamine induces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions. Although this …

Half a century after the first formulation of the monoamine hypothesis, compelling evidence
implies that long-term changes in an array of brain areas and circuits mediating complex …

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP),
dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia …

Background: A growing body of preclinical research suggests that brain glutamate systems
may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression and the mechanism of action of …

Mood disorders are common, chronic, recurrent mental illnesses that affect the lives of
millions of individuals worldwide. To date, the monoaminergic systems (serotonergic …

Neuroimaging studies of major depression have identified neurophysiologic abnormalities
in multiple areas of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and related parts …

Depressive disorders are heterogeneous diseases, and the complexity of symptoms has led
to the formulation of several aethiopathological hypotheses. This heterogeneity may account …

Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy results in changes in behavior, and in the endocrine, immune
and neurotransmitter systems, that simulates many of those seen in patients with major …

The olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat has been proposed as an animal model of depression.
The following behavioural changes have been observed following bilateral olfactory …

Traditional pharmacological treatments for depression have a delayed therapeutic onset,
ranging from several weeks to months, and there is a high percentage of individuals who …