Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely accepted for its involvement in resilience
and antidepressant drug action, is a common genetic locus of risk for mental illnesses, and …

Our understanding of depression and its treatment has advanced with the advent of
ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant and the development and refinement of tools …

While initial encoding of contextual memories involves the strengthening of hippocampal
circuits, these memories progressively mature to stabilized forms in neocortex and become …

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has revolutionized the
treatment of depression because of its potent, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating and sometimes deadly
consequence of exposure to severe psychological trauma. Although effective treatments …

Memories of fearful events can last a lifetime. The prelimbic (PL) cortex, a subregion of
prefrontal cortex, plays a critical role in fear memory retrieval over time. Most studies have …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Although anxiety disorders represent a major societal problem demanding new therapeutic
targets, these efforts have languished in the absence of a mechanistic understanding of this …

Brain activity during sleep is characterized by circuit-specific oscillations, including slow
waves, spindles and theta waves, which are nested in thalamocortical or hippocampal …

Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be
extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction …