IL-6 is involved both in immune responses and in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone
metabolism and embryonic development. IL-6 plays roles in chronic inflammation (closely …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor
immunology. Several types of immunotherapy, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and …

Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by joint malfunction and chronic disability, is the most
common form of arthritis. Clinical and animal experiments reveal that age-related OA is …

Most of what we know about adaptive immunity has come from inbred mouse studies, using
methods that are often difficult or impossible to confirm in humans. In addition, vaccine …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique sentinel cell type that can detect pathogen-
derived nucleic acids and respond with rapid and massive production of type I interferon …

Nanovehicles can efficiently carry and deliver anticancer agents to tumour sites. Compared
with normal tissue, the tumour microenvironment has some unique properties, such as …

SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the kidneys in about 50% of patients.
Lupus nephritis is a major risk factor for overall morbidity and mortality in SLE, and despite …

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that exhibits significant clinical
heterogeneity. There are various treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, including disease …

Vaccines containing novel adjuvant formulations are increasingly reaching advanced
development and licensing stages, providing new tools to fill previously unmet clinical …

Autoimmune reactions reflect an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune
responses, typically develop through stages of initiation and propagation, and often show …