Purpose To review the evidence supporting diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN) as a
form of diabetic retinopathy. Method Review of literature. Results DRN is recognized to be a …

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of ocular complications in patients with type 1 and type
2 diabetes in developed countries. Due to the continued increase in the number of people …

The central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in regulating normal
vascular development and pathological angiogenesis has been documented in multiple …

In physiology and pathophysiology the molecules involved in blood cell–blood cell and
blood cell–endothelium interactions have been identified. Platelet aggregation and …

Early blood retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia was related to
increased pro-inflammatory activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the upregulation of …

Oxidative stress (OS) is an imbalance between free radicals/ROS and antioxidants, which
evokes a biological response and is an important risk factor for diseases, in both the …

Aims/hypothesis Diabetic retinopathy is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus that often
leads to blindness. Because the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy is not fully …

The global epidemic of diabetes is of significant concern. Diabetes associated vascular
disease signifies the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. It is also …

Peroxisome‐proliferator activated receptor‐alpha (PPARα) is a broadly expressed nuclear
hormone receptor and is a transcription factor for diverse target genes possessing a PPAR …

As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases each year, its most common microvascular
complication, diabetic retinopathy (DR), is also on the rise. DR is now regarded as an …