The woman's body presents a number of unique anatomical features that can constitute
valuable routes for the administration of drugs, either for local or systemic action. These are …

Vulvar tissue is more permeable than exposed skin due to differences in structure,
occlusion, hydration and susceptibility to friction. The safety assessment of products that …

The scarcity of sizeable specimens of normal oral mucosa for experimental purposes has
hampered research on oral epithelium. Because large specimens of viable human vaginal …

The vagina stands as an important alternative to the oral route for those systemic drugs that
are poorly absorbed orally or are rapidly metabolized by the liver. Drug permeation through …

Vulvar tissue differs from cutaneous epithelia in structure, morphology and biophysical
characteristics. For example, the skin of the labia majora exhibits elevated hydration …

A number of drugs undergo extensive first-pass metabolism after oral administration,
necessitating large doses for effective therapeutic responses in the body. Buccal …

This chapter reviews the basic concepts of vaginal drug delivery alongside the latest
developments and future perspectives in the field. Particular focus is set in essential aspects …

The availability of human tissue for experimental purposes is often problematical and use is
thus made of animal tissue as models of the human tissue. In this study, porcine vaginal …

Vaginal administration is a promising alternative to the per-oral route in achieving systemic
or local therapeutic effects, when intestinal drug absorption is hindered by problematic …

Within recent years the level of interest in both local and systemic vaginal drug delivery
systems has increased considerably. The vagina offers numerous advantages as a site for …