In visual search tasks, observers look for targets among distractors. In the lab, this often
takes the form of multiple searches for a simple shape that may or may not be present …

Animals and humans evolved sophisticated nervous systems that endowed them with the
ability to form internal-models or beliefs and make predictions about the future to survive and …

Humans and animals can be strongly motivated to seek information to resolve uncertainty
about rewards and punishments. In particular, despite its clinical and societal relevance …

Hypotheses and beliefs guide credit assignment–the process of determining which previous
events or actions caused an outcome. Adaptive hypothesis formation and testing are crucial …

The striatum controls behavior in two ways: facilitation and suppression through the direct
and indirect pathways, respectively. However, it is still unclear what information is processed …

The ventral striatum (VS) is considered a key region that flexibly updates recent changes in
reward values for habit learning. However, this update process may not serve to maintain …

A prominent target of the basal ganglia is the superior colliculus (SC) which controls gaze
orientation (saccadic eye movement in primates) to an important object. This 'object choice'is …

Many organisms rely on a capacity to rapidly replicate, disperse, and evolve when faced
with uncertainty and novelty. But mammals do not evolve and replicate quickly. They rely on …

In the primate basal ganglia, the caudate tail (CDt) encodes the historical values (good or
bad) of visual objects (ie, stable values), and electrical stimulation of CDt evokes saccadic …

The basal ganglia control body movements, mainly, based on their values. Critical for this
mechanism is dopamine neurons, which sends unpredicted value signals, mainly, to the …