Since the serendipitous discovery 20 years ago of bona fide camelid heavy-chain
antibodies, their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, known as VHHs or nanobodies …

Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and
have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins …

Nanobodies can be seen as next‐generation tools for the recognition and modulation of
antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and …

Camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains of which the single N-terminal
domain is fully capable of antigen binding. These single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs …

Antibodies are important tools for experimental research and medical applications. Most
antibodies are composed of two heavy and two light chains. Both chains contribute to the …

Camelid single-domain antibodies (sdAbs, VHHs, or Nanobodies®) are types of antibody
fragments that are composed of the heavy-chain variable domain only. These VHHs …

The development of monoclonal antibody treatments for successful tumor-targeted therapies
took several decades. However, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is still confined and …

The discovery of naturally occurring, heavy-chain only antibodies in Camelidae, and their
further development into small recombinant nanobodies, presents attractive alternatives in …

Molecular engineering has contributed immensely to the clinical success of antibodies in
recent years. The modular structure of antibodies has permitted their modification in …

Antibodies have been a focus of drug development since the approval of Orthoclone® OKT3
in 1986. However these large biologics are not without limitations. This has led to new …