Background: An ENDO-European Reference Network (ERN) initiative was launched that
was endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European …

Acromegaly is characterized by increased release of growth hormone and, consequently,
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1), most often by a pituitary adenoma. Prolonged exposure to …

Objectives: Central hypothyroidism (CeH) is a rare form of hypothyroidism characterized by
insufficient thyroid stimulation due to disturbed pituitary and/or hypothalamic functioning …

The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving
30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may be primary, due to a defect affecting the thyroid gland
itself, or central, due to impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-mediated stimulation of …

The domestic dog represents one of the most dramatic long-term evolutionary experiments
undertaken by humans. From a large wolf-like progenitor, unparalleled diversity in …

Common symptoms of overt hypothyroidism are non-specific and include fatigue, lethargy,
and dry skin. Although the diagnosis is considered to be straightforward, no single symptom …

Thyroid hormone has important effects on almost every organ system and plays a crucial
role in normal growth and neurologic development. Congenital hypothyroidism affects …

The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-
comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery …

Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors.
Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role …