Alcohol use disorders consist of disorders characterised by compulsive heavy alcohol use
and loss of control over alcohol intake. Alcohol use disorders are some of the most prevalent …

Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent but severely under-treated disorder, with
only three widely-approved pharmacotherapies. Given that AUD is a very heterogeneous …

Growing evidence indicates that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system is involved in
the neurobiology of addictive behaviors, and GLP-1 analogues may be used for the …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric disorder associated with marked
suffering, morbidity, mortality, and cost. The World Health Organization projects that by 2030 …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect …

Research on the neural substrates of drug reward, withdrawal and relapse has yet to be
translated into significant advances in the treatment of addiction. One potential reason is that …