A demonstration of the effects of reinforcement requires comparison of response rates in the
presence of a contingency with those in another condition that controls for the influence of …

The costs associated with a drug's clinical trials are so significant that it has become
necessary to validate both its safety and efficacy in animal models prior to the continued …

This paper concerns the response of foraging animals to variability in rate of gain, or risk.
Both the empirical and theoretical literatures relevant to this issue are reviewed. The …

The rate of a reinforced response is conceptualized as a composite of engagement bouts
(visits) and responding during visits. Part 1 of this paper describes a method for estimating …

Inbred rat strains for congenital learned helplessness (cLH) and for congenital resistance to
learned helplessness (cNLH) were investigated as a model to study genetic predisposition …

A preliminary theory of a temporary increase in the rate of an operant response with the
transition to extinction (ie, the extinction burst) is proposed. The theory assumes reinforcers …

Reinforcement schedules are considered in relation to applied behavior analysis by
examining several recent laboratory experiments with humans and other animals. The …

Textbooks in learning and behavior commonly describe performance on fixed-ratio
schedules as “break and run,” indicating that after reinforcement subjects typically pause …

The concept of contingency is central to theoretical discussions of learned behavior and in
the application of learning research to problems of social significance. This paper reviews …

Although quantitative analysis (in which behavior principles are defined in terms of
equations) has become common in basic behavior analysis, translational efforts often …