Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the mechanisms underlying its etiology and progression are
complex and multifactorial. The higher AD risk in women may serve as a clue to better …

Environmentally appropriate social behavior is critical for survival across the lifespan. To
support this flexible behavior, the brain must rapidly perform numerous computations taking …

Introduction Clinically relevant sex differences have been noted in a number of affective,
behavioral, cognitive, and neurological health disorders. Midbrain dopamine neurons are …

Differences between women and men in the prevalence of common psychiatric and
substance use disorders are consistently reported in epidemiologic studies worldwide. A …

Behavioral strategies for survival rely on the updates the brain continuously makes based on
the surrounding environment. External stimuli—neutral, positive, and negative—relay core …

The habenula is an evolutionarily highly conserved diencephalic brain region divided into
two major parts, medial and lateral. Over the past two decades, studies of the lateral …

Behavioral studies play a crucial role in unraveling the mechanisms underlying brain
function. Recent advances in optogenetics, neuronal typing and labeling, and circuit tracing …

Background The habenula is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. However, its
small structure limits the accuracy of segmentation methods, and the findings regarding its …

Stress has been considered as a major risk factor for depressive disorders, triggering
depression onset via inducing persistent dysfunctions in specialized brain regions and …

Animals perform innate behaviors that are stereotyped responses to specific evolutionarily
relevant stimuli in the absence of prior learning or experience. These behaviors can be …