Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Since the 19th century, there has been disagreement over the fundamental question of
whether" emotions" are cause or consequence of their associated behaviors. This question …

How sensory information is transformed by learning into adaptive behaviors is a
fundamental question in neuroscience. Studies of auditory fear conditioning have revealed …

Bacterial adaptive immunity uses CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats)–associated (Cas) proteins together with CRISPR transcripts for foreign DNA …

Associative memory formation is essential for an animal's survival by ensuring adaptive
behavioral responses in an ever-changing environment. This is particularly important under …

The fear responses to environmental threats play a fundamental role in survival. Little is
known about the neural circuits specifically processing threat-relevant sensory information in …

Reflecting a decade's worth of changes, Human Safety and Risk Management, Second
Edition contains new chapters addressing safety culture and models of risk as well as an …

Aversive experiences can lead to complex behavioral adaptations including increased
levels of anxiety and fear generalization. The neuronal mechanisms underlying such …

Recent evidence suggests that nano-organization of proteins within synapses may control
the strength of communication between neurons in the brain. The unique subsynaptic …

Pain is a complex experience including sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective
components. Base on the intensity and chronification of pain, pain is divided into …