Osteocytes are an ancient cell, appearing in fossilized skeletal remains of early fish and
dinosaurs. Despite its relative high abundance, even in the context of nonskeletal cells, the …

In 2002, a transmembrane protein—now known as FNDC5—was discovered and shown to
be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a …

Irisin is secreted by muscle, increases with exercise, and mediates certain favorable effects
of physical activity. In particular, irisin has been shown to have beneficial effects in adipose …

With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused
on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable …

Humans are spending an increasing amount of time in space, where exposure to conditions
of microgravity causes 1–2% bone loss per month in astronauts. Through data collected …

Muscles and bones are intricately connected tissues displaying marked co-variation during
development, growth, aging, and in many diseases. While the diagnosis and treatment of …

Background Age‐associated sarcopenia is characterized of progressed loss of skeletal
muscle power, mass, and function, which affects human physical activity and life quality …

Exercise has beneficial effects in ameliorating metabolic disorders, and a combined
therapeutic regimen of regular exercise and pharmaceutical treatment is often …

Introduction Irisin is a myokine/adipokine induced by the exercise in mice and humans,
which is proposed to induce “browning” of white adipose tissue, its primary target, thus …

Irisin, out-membrane part of fibronectin type III domain–containing 5 protein (FNDC5), was
activated by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) …