Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain
processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived …

Nearly all human complex traits and disease phenotypes exhibit some degree of sex
differences, including differences in prevalence, age of onset, severity or disease …

Sex differences manifest in many diseases and may drive sex-specific therapeutic
responses. To understand the molecular basis of sex differences, we evaluated sex-biased …

Males and females present differences in complex traits and in the risk of a wide array of
diseases. Genotype by sex (GxS) interactions are thought to account for some of these …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Most complex human traits differ by sex, but we have limited insight into the underlying
mechanisms. Here, we investigated the influence of biological sex on protein expression …

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by circulating antibodies and immune complexes
directed against self-tissues that result in both systemic and organ-specific inflammation and …

Strong evidence suggests that early-life exposures to suboptimal environmental factors,
including those in utero, influence our long-term metabolic health. This has been termed …

Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle
fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and …

Background Sex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major
depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for …