The extracellular forms of the IL‐1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors
on the surface of target cells. IL‐1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand …

Foreign nucleic acids, the signature of invading viruses and certain bacteria, are sensed
intracellularly. The nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect and signal within …

The activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains
the least curable form of this malignancy despite recent advances in therapy. Constitutive …

Background & Aims Acute pancreatitis is characterized by premature intracellular activation
of digestive proteases within pancreatic acini and a consecutive systemic inflammatory …

One of the most fundamental questions in immunology pertains to the recognition of non-
self, which for the most part means microbes. How do we initially realize that we have been …

TLRs are expressed on the plasma and endosomal membranes of innate immune cells
acting as sensors of foreign and inherent danger signals that threaten the host. Upon …

MyD88 is a key downstream adapter for most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1
receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 deficiency in mice leads to susceptibility to a broad range of …

Signal transduction pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have continued to be a
major focus of research for investigators interested in the initiation of innate immune …

Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is a ubiquitously expressed
cytoplasmic adaptor protein that plays a central role in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and …

TLRs activate immune responses by sensing microbial structures such as bacterial LPS,
viral RNA, and endogenous “danger” molecules released by damaged host cells. MyD88 is …