Neuromodulation is an expanding area of pain medicine that incorporates an array of non-
invasive, minimally invasive, and surgical electrical therapies. In this Series paper, we focus …

In the past three decades, our understanding of brain–behavior relationships has been
significantly shaped by research using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques …

A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a popular brain stimulation method that is
used to modulate cortical excitability, producing facilitatory or inhibitory effects upon a variety …

Direct current stimulation is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool, which
was first introduced in animal and human experiments in the 1950s, and added to the …

Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science.
This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of …

Background Research into the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cognitive functioning is increasing rapidly. However …

Several techniques and protocols of non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NIBS),
including transcranial magnetic and electrical stimuli, have been developed in the past …

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation
or transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation, are advocated as measures to …

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use
of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this …