Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. Effects
of extracellular ATP are mediated by plasma membrane receptors named P2 receptors …

Alarming data about increasing resistance to conventional antibiotics are reported, while at
the same time the development of new antibiotics is stagnating. Skin and soft tissue …

Intracellular lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli,
Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Burkholderia thailandensis activates mouse …

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intracellular molecules released from
infected or injured cells to activate inflammatory and reparatory responses. One of the most …

The excellent clinical efficacy of anti-interleukin 17A (IL-17A) biologics on psoriasis indicates
a crucial pathogenic role of IL-17A in this autoinflammatory skin disease. IL-17A accelerates …

Cathelicidins are host defense peptides with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions.
These effector molecules of the innate immune system of many vertebrates are diverse in …

The human cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 has become a paradigm for the pleiotropic roles of
peptides in host defence. It has a remarkably wide functional repertoire that includes direct …

Danger sensing is one of the most fundamental evolutionary features enabling multicellular
organisms to perceive potential threats, escape from risky situations, fight actual intruders …

Cathelicidins are a group of antimicrobial peptides. Since their discovery, it has become
clear that they are an exceptional class of peptides, with some members having pleiotropic …

The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ion channel gated by extracellular adenosine 5′-
triphosphate. The receptor is present on an increasing number of different cells types …