Sex differences in the biology of different organ systems and the influence of sex hormones
in modulating health and disease are increasingly relevant in clinical and research areas …

It is now established that airway smooth muscle (ASM) has roles in determining airway
structure and function, well beyond that as the major contractile element. Indeed, changes in …

BACKGROUND Understanding the physiology of pregnancy enables effective management
of pregnancy complications that could otherwise be life threatening for both mother and …

Sex is a biological concept determined at conception. Gender is a social concept. Medicine
recognises sex as a biological variable and recommends including sex as a factor in clinical …

A considerable body of evidence exists suggesting that androgen deficiency contributes to
the onset, progression, or both of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to …

There is increasing recognition that sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone) have biological and pathophysiological actions in peripheral, non-reproductive …

The incidence, severity, and mortality of ongoing coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-
19) is greater in men compared with women, but the underlying factors contributing to this …

Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and
aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important …

Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells,
such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes …

Background Although pre-puberty asthma is more prevalent in males, after puberty through
middle-age, asthma is more prevalent in females. The surge of sex hormones with puberty …