Abstract Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) enacts major roles in the maintenance
of epithelial tissues. However, when EGFR signaling is altered, it becomes the grand …

Abstract Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is a critical
regulator in tumor metabolism. PKM2 has been demonstrated to overexpressed in various …

Background Recently, a variety of clinical trials have shown that apatinib, a small-molecule
anti-angiogenic drug, exerts promising inhibitory effects on multiple solid tumors, including …

The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively
regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various diseases. Recent basic and clinical …

Cancer cells are abnormal cells that can reproduce and regenerate rapidly. They are
characterized by unlimited proliferation, transformation and migration, and can destroy …

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is upregulated in both childhood and adult malignancies.
Its overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and worse prognosis …

Aerobic glycolysis is a well‐known hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence,
targeting the key enzymes of this pathway is considered a novel approach to HCC treatment …

Abnormal energy metabolism, as one of the important hallmarks of cancer, was induced by
multiple carcinogenic factors and tumor-specific microenvironments. It comprises aerobic …

Tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes are exposed to many toxic metabolites and molecules in the
tumor microenvironment (TME) that suppress their anti-tumor activity. Toxic metabolites …

Glioblastoma (GBM), as the immunologically cold tumor, respond poorly to programmed cell
death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors because of insufficient immune infiltration …