Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Three-photon microscopy has been increasingly adopted for probing neural activities
beyond the typical two-photon imaging depth. In this review, we outline the unique …

A fundamental challenge in fluorescence microscopy is the photon shot noise arising from
the inevitable stochasticity of photon detection. Noise increases measurement uncertainty …

The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront
shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow us to understand and control …

Multiphoton microscopy has become a powerful tool with which to visualize the morphology
and function of neural cells and circuits in the intact mammalian brain. However, tissue …

Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique for deep-tissue observation of
living cells. In particular, three-photon microscopy is highly beneficial for deep-tissue …

In deep-tissue multiphoton microscopy, diffusion and scattering of fluorescent photons,
rather than ballistic emanation from the focal point, have been a confounding factor. Here we …

Calcium imaging has transformed neuroscience research by providing a methodology for
monitoring the activity of neural circuits with single-cell resolution. However, calcium …

Optical imaging has revolutionized our ability to monitor brain activity, spanning spatial
scales from synapses to cells to circuits. Here, we summarize the rapid development and …

After over 30 years of advances, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is now instrumental in a
wide range of in vivo biological imaging applications. However, it has, until recently …