Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Chronic pain, encompassing conditions, such as low back pain, arthritis, persistent post-
surgical pain, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain disorders, is highly prevalent but remains …

Background The use of cannabis, or marijuana, for medicinal purposes is deeply rooted
though history, dating back to ancient times. It once held a prominent position in the history …

Migraine is a common and complex brain disorder. Although it is clear that head pain is a
key manifestation of the disorder for most patients, what drives the activation of neuronal …

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the location of the first synapse in pain pathways, and
as such, offers a very powerful target for regulation of nociceptive transmission by both local …

The endocannabinoid system, consisting of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB 1 R) and
cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB 2 R), endogenous cannabinoid ligands (endocannabinoids) …

Preparations of the Cannabis sativa plant have been used to analgesic effect for millenia,
but only in recent decades has the endogenous system responsible for these effects been …

Acetaminophen (APAP) continues to be one of the most popular analgesics available in the
United States despite that the mechanisms of antinociception elicited by APAP are not yet …

Background The premonitory phase, or prodrome, of migraine, provides valuable
opportunities to study attack initiation and for treating the attack before headache starts …

In the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), activation of excitatory output neurons
projecting monosynaptically to OFF cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) causes …