Midbrain dopamine neurons fire irregularly, with interspersed clusters of high-frequency
spikes, commonly called 'bursts'. In this review we examine such heterogeneity in activity …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. It is
associated with lost dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, a process that is not …

Dopaminergic neurons in a range of species are responsive to sensory stimuli. In the
anesthetized preparation, responses to non-noxious and noxious sensory stimuli are usually …

The dopaminergic system influences motor behavior, signals reward and novelty, and is an
essential component of the basal ganglia in all vertebrates including the lamprey, one of the …

The mammalian neocortex has a repetitious, laminar structure and performs functions
integral to higher cognitive processes, including sensory perception, memory, and …

Coordinated expression of guidance molecules and their signal transduction are critical for
correct brain wiring. Previous studies have shown that phospholipase C gamma1 (PLC γ1) …

Abstract Models of basal ganglia (BG) function posit a dynamic balance between two
classes of striatal projection neurons (SPNs): direct pathway neurons (dSPNs) that facilitate …

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the midbrain are involved in controlling orienting and
approach of animals toward relevant external stimuli. The firing of DA neurons is regulated …

Visual system is the most important system of animal to cognize the information in outside
world, and reward-related visual cues are the key factors in the consolidation and retrieval of …

The present work aims to review the structural organization of the mammalian superior
colliculus (SC), the putative pathways connecting the SC and the basal ganglia, and their …