The high metabolic demand of cancer cells leads to an accumulation of H+ ions in the
tumour microenvironment. The disorganized tumour vasculature prevents an efficient wash …

The pH in tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment has played important roles in
cancer development and treatment. It was thought that both the extracellular and …

Solid tumors are generally characterized by an acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) that
favors cancer progression, therapy resistance and immune evasion. By single-cell RNA …

Lysosomes remain powerful organelles and important targets for cancer therapy because
cancer cell proliferation is greatly dependent on effective lysosomal function. Recent studies …

Intense interest in the'Warburg effect'has been revived by the discovery that hypoxia-
inducible factor 1 (HIF1) reprogrammes pyruvate oxidation to lactic acid conversion; lactic …

Exosomes secreted by normal and cancer cells carry and deliver a variety of molecules. To
date, mechanisms referring to tumor exosome trafficking, including release and cell-cell …

The vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are a family of proton pumps that couple ATP hydrolysis
to proton transport into intracellular compartments and across the plasma membrane. They …

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) constitutes one of the major
checkpoint (s) of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Recently, the permeabilization of yet …

Intrinsic resistance to cytotoxic drugs has been a main issue in cancer therapy for decades.
Microenvironmental acidity is a simple while highly efficient mechanism of chemoresistance …

With the development of nanomedicine technology, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers play an
increasingly important role in antitumor therapy. Compared with the normal physiological …