The landscape of fear (LOF) concept posits that prey navigate spatial heterogeneity in
perceived predation risk, balancing risk mitigation against other activities necessary for …

Interactions among terrestrial carnivores involve a complex interplay of competition,
predation and facilitation via carrion provisioning, and these negative and positive pathways …

Apex predators such as large carnivores can have cascading, landscape‐scale impacts
across wildlife communities, which could result largely from the fear they inspire, although …

Lions have long been perceived as Africa's, if not the world's, most fearsome terrestrial
predator, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 the" king of beasts". Wildlife's fear of humans may, however …

A “landscape of fear”(LOF) is a map that describes continuous spatial variation in an
animal's perception of predation risk. The relief on this map reflects, for example, places that …

Large carnivores' fear of the human 'super predator'has the potential to alter their feeding
behaviour and result in human-induced trophic cascades. However, it has yet to be …

Heterotrophic nanoflagellates are the main consumers of bacteria and picophytoplankton in
the ocean and thus play a key role in ocean biogeochemistry. They are found in all major …

The fear (perceived predation risk) large carnivores inspire in mesocarnivores can affect
ecosystem structure and function, and loss of the “landscape of fear” large carnivores create …

In the present paper, we investigate the impact of fear in a tri-trophic food chain model. We
propose a three-species food chain model, where the growth rate of middle predator is …

Populations of the world's largest carnivores are declining and now occupy mere fractions of
their historical ranges. Theory predicts that when apex predators disappear, large …