Scandium (Sc), known as the'miracle metal', has unique properties in material sciences, and
is a critical resource in the world due to the low supply but wide applications in advanced …

The origin of life on Earth seems to demand a highly reduced early atmosphere, rich in CH
4, H 2, and NH 3, but geological evidence suggests that Earth's mantle has always been …

Abstract The 2021 eruption of La Palma (September 19-December 13) was the first
subaerial eruption in the Canary Islands in 50 years. Approximately 0.2 km 3 of lava erupted …

Tectonic discrimination diagrams are a key tool for understanding ancient volcanic rock
origins. In this contribution we compile over 15,000 whole rock compositions to re-evaluate …

The redox evolution of Archean upper mantle impacted mantle melting and the nature of
chemical equilibrium between mantle, ocean and atmosphere of the early Earth. Yet, the …

Oxygen fugacity (f O 2) is an intensive variable that describes the redox state of a system. By
controlling the valence state of multivalent elements, f O 2 affects the stability of iron-bearing …

Previous studies have concluded that dehydration of serpentinites in subduction zones
produces oxidizing fluids that are the cause of oxidized arc magmas. Here, observations of …

The magmatic character of early subduction zone and arc development is unlike mature
systems. Low-Ti-K tholeiitic basalts and boninites dominate the early Izu-Bonin-Mariana …

Aerobic lifeforms, including humans, thrive because of abundant atmospheric O2, but for
much of Earth history O2 levels were low. Even after evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis …

The control of redox conditions on the geochemical recycling process in subduction zones is
still poorly understood due to large uncertainties in oxygen fugacity (fO 2) for subducted …