It is generally accepted that augmented feedback, provided by a human expert or a technical
display, effectively enhances motor learning. However, discussion of the way to most …

Stroke affects one out of every six people on Earth. Approximately 90% of stroke survivors
have some functional disability with mobility being a major impairment, which not only …

Cerebral strokes can disrupt descending commands from motor cortical areas to the spinal
cord, which can result in permanent motor deficits of the arm and hand. However, below the …

Background Carrying load alters normal walking, imposes additional stress to the
musculoskeletal system, and results in an increase in energy consumption and a …

In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of hand exoskeleton technologies for
rehabilitation and assistive engineering, from basic hand biomechanics to actuator …

There is increasing interest in using robotic devices to assist in movement training following
neurologic injuries such as stroke and spinal cord injury. This paper reviews control …

Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and
pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better …

Electromyographical (EMG) signals have been frequently used to estimate human muscular
torques. In the field of human-assistive robotics, these methods provide valuable information …

Robot-mediated therapy is an innovative form of rehabilitation that enables highly repetitive,
intensive, adaptive, and quantifiable physical training. It has been increasingly used to …

A limited number of clinical studies have examined the effect of post-stroke rehabilitation
with robotic devices on hemiparetic arm function. We systematically reviewed the literature …