Systolic and diastolic myocardial dysfunction has been demonstrated to be associated with
an activation of the circulating and local renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and …

The mammalian heart is responsible for not only pumping blood throughout the body but
also adjusting this pumping activity quickly depending upon sudden changes in the …

Background—Cardiac hypertrophy is accompanied by significant alterations in energy
metabolism. Whether these changes in energy metabolism precede and contribute to the …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive
obliteration of small pulmonary arteries that leads to elevated pulmonary arterial pressure …

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are various nitric oxide–derived compounds, including
nitroxyl anion, nitrosonium cation, higher oxides of nitrogen, S-nitrosothiols, and dinitrosyl …

The multifunctional Ca2+-and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is now
recognized to play a central role in pathological events in the cardiovascular system. CaMKII …

Despite clinical and scientific advancements, heart failure is the major cause of morbidity
and mortality worldwide. Both mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the …

An abundance of data has provided insight into the mechanisms underlying the
development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and its progression to LV failure. In contrast …

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) have been considered detrimental to cells.
However, their physiological roles as signaling mediators have not been thoroughly …

The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is a complex multifactorial process that
involves the remodeling of pulmonary arteries. This remodeling process encompasses …