Fossil fuels are currently the most significant energy sources. They are expected to become
less available and more expensive, leading to a great demand for energy conservation and …

Without remorse, fossil fuels have made a huge contribution to global development in all of
its forms. However, the recent scientific outlooks are currently shifting as more research is …

Non-biodegradable plastics are continually amassing landfills and oceans worldwide while
creating severe environmental issues and hazards to animal and human health. Plastic …

The increasing world population, as well as demands for energy and industrial commodities,
have led to an overall rise in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, demands …

Population growth, rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development have led
to the magnified municipal solid waste generation at an alarming rate on a global scale …

A general rise in environmental and anthropogenically induced greenhouse gas emissions
has resulted from worldwide population growth and a growing appetite for clean energy …

Biorefining of second-generation feedstock gains more attention to improve the living
standards and promote circular bioeconomy. The biorefinery concept made an effort to make …

Biofuel has emerged as an alternative source of energy to reduce the emissions of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and combat global warming. Biofuels are classified …

Lignocellulosic feedstocks are gaining increased popularity for novel industrial applications
because of their availability and bio-renewability. Using lignocellulosic materials, especially …

Biofuels derived from abundant biomass are promising alternatives to fossil fuels, which are
considered to be green, renewable, and sustainable. Great efforts have been made to …