We review transitions between hermaphroditism and dioecy in animals and (mainly
flowering) plants. Although hermaphroditism and dioecy represent two end states in a sex …

The aim of this study was to update figures for the presence of dioecy among the
gymnosperms and investigate its correlation with climate, growth form, pollination and seed …

The naturally occurring bisexual cone of gymnosperms has long been considered a
possible intermediate stage in the origin of flowers, but the mechanisms governing bisexual …

Reproduction is a fundamental feature of life, it is the way life persists across the ages. This
book offers new, wider vistas on this fundamental biological phenomenon, exploring how it …

The development of reproductive structures in gymnosperms is still poorly studied because
of a lack of genomic information and useful genetic tools. The hermaphroditic reproductive …

The capacity of organisms to change their sex has evolved independently in several plant
and animal lineages. Sex change has been widely studied, but research approaches have …

Background The expression of gender in gymnosperms is challenging because the extent of
variability in gender segregations in tree crowns and selection pressure of nature can modify …

Dioecy (separate male and female individuals) ensures outcrossing and is more prevalent in
animals than in plants. Although it is common in bryophytes and gymnosperms, only 5% of …

The environmental variables that define a species ecological niche should be associated
with the evolutionary patterns present in the adaptations that resulted from living in these …

In angiosperms cytoplasmic DNA is typically passed on maternally through ovules. Genes in
the mtDNA may cause male sterility. When male-sterile (female) cytotypes produce more …