Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

Heterogeneity in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is increasingly
being recognized as one of the principal barriers to finding efficacious targeted therapies …

Immune response dynamics in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their severe
manifestations have largely been studied in circulation. Here, we examined the relationship …

This paper collates the pathological findings from initial published autopsy reports on 23
patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from 5 centers in the United States of …

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has incited a global health crisis. Currently, there are …

In this paper, a model is proposed of the pathophysiological processes of COVID-19 starting
from the infection of human type II alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes) by SARS-CoV-2 …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute and diffuse inflammatory lung injury
in a short time, one of the common severe manifestations of the respiratory system that …

Abstract Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an acute-phase protein that regulates inflammatory
responses to bacteria or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although the bacteriostatic role of LCN2 …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common critical illness syndrome with
high morbidity and mortality. There are no proven pharmacological therapies for ARDS. The …

Although modern clinical practices such as cesarean sections and perinatal antibiotics have
improved infant survival, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics alters intestinal …