Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has
been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past …

Accidental and intended Ricinus communis intoxications in humans and animals have been
known for centuries but the causative agent remained elusive until 1888 when Stillmark …

Protein is a major component of all biological evidence, often the matrix that embeds other
biomolecules such as polynucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, and small molecules. The …

Ricin is a plant toxin with high bioterrorism potential due to its natural abundance and
potency in inducing cell death. Early detection of the active toxin is essential for developing …

Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that share commonalities with
biological and chemical agents. Among them, protein toxins represent a considerable …

Ricin toxin is a disulfide-linked glycoprotein (AB toxin) comprising one enzymatic A chain
(RTA) and one cell-binding B chain (RTB) contained in the castor bean, a Ricinus species …

The development of rapid methods for unambiguous identification and precise quantification
of protein toxins in various matrices is essential for public health surveillance. Nowadays …

Ricinus communis intoxications have been known for centuries and were attributed to the
toxic protein ricin. Due to its toxicity, availability, ease of preparation, and the lack of medical …

Protein toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin
(ETX), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), shiga toxin (STX), and plant toxin ricin, are …

The use of microorganisms or toxins as weapons of death and fear is not a novel concept;
however, the modes by which these agents of bioterrorism are deployed are increasingly …