Cementitious materials exposed to marine and saline environments are commonly
threatened by a combined attack of sulfate and chloride ions. This study developed a …

Abstract 3D concrete printing represents a modern trend in construction automation,
characterized by the layer-by-layer deposition of concrete using 3D printers to construct …

External sulfate attack (ESA) of cementitious materials has been studied worldwide for a
very long time. This physical/chemical interaction between sulfate ions and the cement …

As a low-carbon cementitious material, the supersulfated cement (SSC) is composed of a
thimbleful of cement clinkers and massive industry by-products, i. e: gypsum and slag …

This paper represents a series of laboratory tests to illustrate the effects of natural zeolite
and sulfate environment on the mechanical behavior, hydraulic properties, and …

Sulfate attack-induced deterioration on concrete begins with significant expansive forces
generated at the narrow mesoscopic pore-level. However, the corresponding mesoscopic …

Despite extensive academic research on durability issues caused by sulfate attack,
deterioration reasons and expansion mechanisms of concrete remain controversial, with …

Magnesium slag is a byproduct of the magnesium industry. It has not been commonly used
in the construction industry due to the poor hydration reactivity and soundness risk induced …

The deterioration of concrete caused by sodium sulfate attack (SSA) is a process of volume
expansion and cracking layer by layer, causing the external solution to flow directly into …

Concrete is widely used in civil engineering due to its superior properties, however, due to
its crack-prone nature, its application in marine engineering will generate a large number of …