IL-9 was first described in the late 1980s as a member of a growing number of cytokines that
had pleiotropic functions in the immune system. Although many biological functions have …

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an exceptional mucosal pathogen. It specializes in
infection of the ciliated respiratory epithelium, causing disease of variable severity with little …

SARS-CoV-2 infection is known for causing broncho-alveolar inflammation. Interleukin 9 (IL-
9) induces airway inflammation and bronchial hyper responsiveness in respiratory viral …

Background IL-9 is important for the growth and survival of mast cells. IL-9 is produced by T
cells, natural killer T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells, although the …

Type 2 inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, drive the
characteristic features of immunity against parasitic worms and allergens. Whether IL-9 …

Introduction The immune responses in patients with novel A (H1N1) virus infection (nvA
(H1N1)) are incompletely characterized. We investigated the profile of Th1 and Th17 …

Interleukin‐9 (IL‐9), cloned more than 20 years ago, was initially thought to be a Th2‐
specific cytokine. This assumption was initially confirmed by functional analyses showing …

There is controversial literature about the effects of the interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) cytokine family in
COVID‐19 pathogenesis and immunity. So we aimed to identify the potential in the role of …

Differentiation of naïve CD4+ cells into functionally distinct effector helper T cell subsets,
characterised by distinct “cytokine signatures,” is a cardinal strategy employed by the …

Recently reported lines of Th9 cells, producing IL-9 and IL-10, were generated by
polarization with IL-4 and TGF-β and activation with Abs against CD3 and CD28. In this …