Advancing age promotes cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the
United States and many developed nations. Two major age-related arterial phenotypes …

The CB 1 and CB 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB 1 R, CB 2 R) are members of the G protein-
coupled receptor (GPCR) family that were identified over 20 years ago. CB 1 Rs and CB 2 …

Metformin is the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes. Globally, over 100 million
patients are prescribed this drug annually. Metformin was discovered before the era of target …

Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline
alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis [eg Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape) …

Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor
activated during energy stress that plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis. This …

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) system acts as a sensor of cellular energy status
that is conserved in all eukaryotic cells. It is activated by increases in the cellular AMP: ATP …

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr) has been one of the most
commonly used pharmacological modulators of AMPK activity. The majority of early studies …

Adiponectin is secreted by adipose cells and mimics many metabolic actions of insulin.
However, mechanisms by which adiponectin acts are poorly understood. The vascular …

In the postprandial state, the liver takes up and stores glucose to minimize the fluctuation of
glycemia. Elevated insulin concentrations, an increase in the load of glucose reaching the …

Rationale: Endothelial dysfunction plays an integral role in pulmonary hypertension (PH).
AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) are …