Immunotherapy seeks to improve the body's immune response to a tumor. Currently, the
principal mechanisms employed are:(1) to improve an aspect of the immune response (eg, T …

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are part of a complex microenvironment that promotes and/or
regulates tumor development and growth. Depending on the type of cells and their …

Microglia (brain resident macrophages) accumulate in malignant gliomas and instead of
initiating the anti-tumor response, they switch to a pro-invasive phenotype, support tumor …

Purpose: Immunotherapeutic treatment strategies for glioblastoma (GBM) are under
investigation in clinical trials. However, our understanding of the immune phenotype of GBM …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate in tumors and can contribute to the dismal immune
responses observed in these tumors. We reported that the percentage of tumor infiltrating …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has considerable impact on cell growth, proliferation,
metastasis, invasion, angiogenesis and chemoradiotherapy resistance in various cancers …

Gliomas remain a group of malignant brain tumors with dismal prognosis and limited
treatment options with molecular mechanisms being constantly investigated. The past …

Glioblastoma, a grade IV astrocytoma, is considered as the most malignant intracranial
tumor, characterized by poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Tumor heterogeneity that …

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive infiltrative brain tumor with a particularly
poor prognosis that is characterized by microvascular proliferation, necrotic tissue, and …

Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) exhibit a deficient anti-tumor immune response.
Both arms of the immune system were shown to be hampered in GBM, namely the local …