Avian hatching failure is a widespread phenomenon, affecting around 10% of all eggs that
are laid and not lost to predation, damage, or desertion. Our understanding of hatching …

Global warming and intensifying extreme heat events may affect avian reproductive success
and costs, particularly in hot, arid environments. It is unclear how breeding birds alter their …

Sporting a mix of blue, yellow, white, green and black, the unmistakable Blue Tit reflects the
colours of a planet affected by a burgeoning human population. Fortunately, Blue Tits are …

Most bird species exhibit biparental care, but the type of care provided by each sex may
differ substantially. In particular, during the incubation phase in passerines, females perform …

Avian embryos need a stable thermal environment to develop optimally, while incubating
females need to allocate time to self‐maintenance off the nest. In species with female‐only …

Parents allocate resources to offspring to increase their survival and to maximize their own
fitness, while this investment implies costs to their condition and future reproduction. Parents …

In birds, incubation by both parents is a common form of care for eggs. Although the
involvement of the two parents may vary dramatically between and within pairs, as well as …

Birds that build open-cup nests in semi-arid or arid habitats have difficulty in maintaining
clutch temperatures during incubation in a suitable incubation range due to high air …

Environmental conditions affect incubation behavior, but whilst the effect of ambient
temperature is studied and still controversially discussed, the role of precipitation is …

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) often lower their host's future reproductive success by
inducing sterility. Females can minimise the reproductive cost of infection by plastically …